The Relationship between Midwifery Students' Attitudes towards Couples' Sexual Relationships and Their Clinical Skills in Providing Sexual Health of Counseling Services

Introduction

Dissatisfaction with sexual life accounts for 90% of marital problems and 50% of divorces in Iran (1). In fact, healthy and satisfying sexual relation is one of the most important components of marriage. Given the importance of family in Iranian community and the role of couples' sexual health in family maintenance and prevention of marital problems, promoting sexual health at individual and social levels is of great importance (2-4).

Sexual health is critical to public and family health (1, 5). Sexual health education includes sexual and reproductive physiology and anatomy in humans, physical problems in males and females, sexually transmitted diseases and their prevention, sexual behaviors, and sexual and marital dysfunction. Providing counseling on sexual health facilitates having a healthy sexual life (6, 7).

Sexual health entails having personal and social morality and at the same time enjoying reproductive behavior, and not having problems (such as fear, misconception, shame, guilt, diseases, and physical abnormalities and deficiencies that interfere with sexual and fertility function) that can inhibit sexual response and cause sexual disorders (6-9).

According to The International Conference on Population and Development (1999), which was held in Cairo, all the people have the right to have optimal sexual health information. On the other hand, training on principles of sexual relations and addressing couples' sexual problems are the basic components and standards of reproductive healthcare (10). In order to achieve these standards, evaluate and promote sexual health, and provide family counseling, the World Health Organization, the Council of the Cultural Revolution, and the Ministry of Health and Medical Education acknowledge a key role for midwives (11).

According to Crack Patrick, the consultants who serve clients with sexual problems should feel comfortable discussing sexual issues and have a positive attitude toward it, so that they can consider the moods of their clients as a part of their sexual issues (12). Papaharitou et al., in a study performed on 714 students of medicine, psychology, pharmacology, nursing, and midwifery concluded that negative attitudes could affect the sexual health counseling process (13). Purabuli et al., who evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of nurses toward sexual relations and provided training to patients with myocardial infarction and their spouses, concluded that despite having positive attitudes nurses had inadequate knowledge in this regard (14).

In addition, the results of a study by Guthrie et al. on nurses' understanding of sexual issues and its relationship with patient's care showed that nurses had inadequate understanding, and the quality of patient care depends on the nurses' understanding of sexual issues (15). Despite the importance of sexual relations, many women have difficulty talking to their healthcare providers about sexual issues.

Healthcare providers should take sexual history, counsel patients on healthy sexual behaviors, treat sexual dysfunction effectively, inform patients on the effects of the diseases or medical treatment on sexual relations, and address patients' sexual concerns. However, adolescent and adult patients believe that healthcare providers are not comfortable discussing sexual issues, and they often lack sufficient skills (16-18). Previous studies indicated low level of midwifery students' competence and skills in providing sexual health services (19-22), which implies the importance of assessing midwifery students' competence and planning appropriate educational programs.

Given the importance of sexual relations and absence of similar studies, and considering the fact that midwifery students are going to be part of medical staff, we aimed to evaluate the attitudes of midwifery students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences toward couples' sexual relations, and their clinical skills in providing sexual health counseling services.

Materials and Methods

After obtaining approval of Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, this cross-sectional study was performed on 63 midwifery students, who were selected through convenience sampling in 2014. At first, 84 students who had the inclusion criteria including consent to participate in this study, passing the theory course of sexual dysfunction, educating in seventh semester of bachelor or first or third semester of M.Sc. of Mashhad school of nursing and midwifery were included in the study, if they didn’t completely pass the five-station of objective structured clinical test and lack of response to the questionnaire of attitude toward sexual relation were excluded from the study.

A total of 21 students were excluded from the study due to unwillingness to participate, test time and training program overlap, matching transitional program to other universities, and having the exclusion criteria. The data collection tools included academic and demographic questionnaire, the questionnaire of attitudes toward couples' sexual relations, and a checklist to assess the sample’s clinical skills in providing sexual health counseling services. The individual and academic questionnaire included 39 items, the questionnaire of attitude toward sexual relation, which evaluated the participants’ beliefs on the importance and need for a satisfactory and desirable sexual relation in marital life, included 10 items using a five-point Likert scale. The total score of this questionnaire ranged between 0 and 40, and was divided into four categories of poor (0-10), medium (11-20), good (21-30), and very good (31-40).

The checklists evaluating students' clinical skills in providing sexual health counseling services were designed in five stations of OSCT.

 Checklist of station No. 1 was related to obtaining sexual history about pain disorder type of vaginism. The checklist prepared for this station had two parts, the first part was related to the communication skills of students, questions about patient's demographic characteristics, current performance, and explaining the patient's routine interactions.

Students' communication skills included seven options that for each item. A score of zero was considered for not doing and 1 for doing it, this section had a total of seven points, the other three parts of this section and the second section of the checklist which was related to sexual learning, sexual experiences in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and questions about specific issues included 43 items. For each item, a score of zero was considered for not being asked, 0.5 for being asked incompletely, and 1 for being asked completely. The total score of this section was 43, and the overall score of this station was 50.

Checklist of station No. 2 was related to sexual counselling during pregnancy. The checklist of this station consisted of two parts. The first part was related to the questions that sexual education could provide an appropriate answer to them. This section included ten items, and scores of one and zero were given to being asked and not being asked, respectively. The second part assessed the students' performance in providing sexual training during pregnancy that the questions of 1 to 6 were scored by trigon Likert method. A score of 0 was given to lack of training, 0.5 for incomplete training, and 1 for complete training. In the items of 7 to 10, binary options were used, and a score of zero was assigned to no training and one for training. Total score of this station was 20.

Checklist of station No. 3 was related to sexual counseling regarding dyspareunia in menopause. In this station, scenarios of a standardized patient who had been reported as a case were used. Checklist of this station consisted of three parts. The first part, which was related to the diagnosis of pain disorder, included three items and the scores one and zero were considered for writing and not writing any statements, respectively. The second part was related to the questions differentiating vaginism from dyspareunia. This section consisted of five items, and the scores of one and zero were considered for writing and not writing any statements, respectively. The third part was related to sexual education during menopause with 20 items, a score of zero was considered for not writing education and one for writing education. The minimum and maximum possible scores were 0 and 28, respectively.

Station No. 4 was related to diagnosis and providing therapeutic strategies for orgasm disorders. The station was held using scenarios of a standardized patient who was reported as a case. Checklist of this station consisted of two parts. The first part was related to diagnosis of disorder, which included three items, and the scores of one and zero were considered for writing and not writing any statements, respectively. The second part was related to providing therapeutic strategies with ten items, a score of zero was considered for not writing and one for writing therapeutic strategy. The minimum and maximum possible scores of this station were 0 and 13, respectively.

Station 5 was about diagnosis and providing therapeutic strategies for sexual aversion disorder. In this station, scenarios of a standardized patient who was reported as a case were used. Checklist of this station consisted of two parts. The first part was related to diagnosis of disorder, which included four items, and the scores of one and zero were considered for writing and not writing any statements, respectively. The second part was related to providing therapeutic strategies with 13 items, a score of zero was considered for not writing and one for writing therapeutic strategy. The minimum and maximum possible scores were 0 and 17, respectively. Total score of clinical skill in providing sexual health counseling ranged between 0 and 128 that was divided into four categories of poor (0-32), medium (32.1-64), good (64.1-96), and very good (96.1-128).

After explaining the purpose of the study and obtaining informed consent from the participants, the demographics and attitude questionnaires were filled out. Thereafter, the students' skills in providing sexual counseling were evaluated using OSCT, which included five test stations and one rest station. The stations were as follows: Station 1: taking sexual history of a 28 years old woman with vaginism using a standardized patient; Station 2: providing a complete sexual counseling to a 30-year-old pregnant woman at 10 weeks of pregnancy, who had referred due to fear of intercourse during pregnancy using a standardized patient; Station 3: providing advice for decreased libido and dyspareunia during menopause using standardized patient scenarios; Station 4: diagnosis and treatment of orgasm disorders using standardized patient scenarios; Station 5: diagnosis and treatment of sexual aversion using standardized patient scenarios; and station 6: rest. Each OSCT for each individual lasted 60 minutes.

Each of the stations was held in a separate room and the time allocated to each station was ten minutes. The participants were evaluated at the same time and in one place. At the beginning, the students entered a separate room and after receiving explanation on how to conduct the test, the subjects entered the exam hall in groups of six. Each participant entered one room (station). At the end of each station, the participants rotated clockwise to switch places with the next person until every person had passed all the six stations. The OSCT was held at the clinical skills center of School of Nursing and Midwifery. Other researchers with master’s degree monitored and evaluated the quality of the stations. Content validity of the demographic characteristics and attitudes questionnaires, as well as the OSCE checklists was confirmed by ten faculty members. Since the reliability of demographics questionnaire had already been established in previous studies, it was not examined in this study. However, the internal consistency reliability of attitude questionnaire and OSCE checklists was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha (α=0.74 for the attitudes questionnaire, α=0.79 for the checklist in first stations, α=0.82 for the second station, α=0.84 for the third station, α=0.77 for the fourth station, and α=0.82 for the fifth station).

Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. To evaluate the effect of the underlying variables on attitudes and clinical skills mean scores, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, repeated measures ANOVA, and regression were performed using SPSS version 16. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The participants were assured that the obtained data are kept completely confidential and the results are going to be reported generally. Moreover, they were told that they could quit participating in the study at any time, and their questions regarding the study were answered during the study.

Results

The subjects were aged 21-41 years, with mean age of 25.5±4.8 years, and 44.4% (n=28) the participants were in the seventh semester of bachelor’s degree, 28.6% (n=18) in the first semester of master’s degree, and 27% (n=17) in the third semester of master’s degree. In terms of marital status, 47.6% (n=30) were single, 50.8% (n=32) were married, and 1.6% (n=1) were divorced. Sexual dysfunction score of the samples ranged between 12 and 20 with mean score of 17.1±1.6. Among the subjects, 20.6% (n=14) had completed studying sexual counseling, and the majority of them (35.7%) had used the Internet as the source, and 9.5% of the subjects (n=6) reported that they had provided sexual health counseling.

possible score was 40 and students gained 85.3% of the total score. The table also shows the mean score of clinical skills in providing sexual counseling, which is the sum of the five stations, and the maximum possible score is 128. The results demonstrated that students gained 17.7% of its total score.

According to Pearson correlation coefficient, there is a significant linear relationship between students' clinical skills and their attitude (P=.024, r=.64).

It was found that 85.7% and 14.3% of the samples had very good and good attitudes toward couples' sexual relation, and none of them was in low and medium levels. In addition, 90.5% (n=57) of the students were at poor level in providing sexual health counselling services, 9.5% (n=6) at moderate level, and none of them were at good and very good levels.

The mean score of students' clinical skills in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth stations was 11.4±1.2, 4.4±2.3, 3.1±1.9, 2.0±1.6, and 1.6±1.2, respectively. Students' scores in the five stations were considered as repeated scores and were compared using repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed that the mean score of students' clinical skills was significantly different in the stations. The post-hoc test showed a significant difference between students' scores in the first and second stations and the third, fourth, and fifth stations and between the fourth and fifth stations (Table 2).

Because of the importance of obtaining sexual history and the extent of the parts of this clinical skill, the students' function at first station is described in Table 3. The students' scores in the two parts (parts 1 and 2 included four and five sub-skills, respectively) were analyzed separately. For this purpose, the percentage of the total scores achieved by the students in these nine sub-skills were calculated and considered as repeated scores.

Repeated measures ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between students' mean scores in different sub-skills. In part one, the post-hoc test showed that there were statistically significant differences between the scores of communication skills, recording patients' demographics, and those of assessment of current sexual performance and describing routine interactions. The results of repeated measures ANOVA reflected that the mean score of sub-skills in the second part of the first station were significantly different. The post-hoc test showed that there were significant differences between the two sub-kills of sexual learning and patients' specific issues and taking sexual history of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Mean score of attitudes toward couples' sexual relation and clinical skills in providing sexual health counselling services were not significantly different in groups divided based on marital status (P=0.150, P=0.599), different educational levels (P=0.118, P=0.459), having self-study about sexual issues (P=0.460, P=0.329), the sources of the self-study (P=0.641, P=0.217), and history of providing sexual counselling services (P=0.250, P=0.473). Also, the result of Pearson correlation test indicated that there was no significant linear relationship between the students' scores of sexual dysfunction course and their clinical skill scores achieved in OSCT (P=0.705, r=-0.051), and also their attitude scores (P=0.736, r=-0.046). Age had no significant relationship with clinical skill scores (P=0.939, r=-0.01), and attitude scores (P=0.219, r=-0.16).