The Effect of Peer Education on Pregnant Women's Choosing Mode of Delivery

Childbirth is regarded as one of the divine blessings to reproduce human beings on the earth and has been persisted up to the present time. Since one of the objectives of birth control policies is to have safe deliveries and healthy childbirth, cesarean section (C-section) was utilized to assist mothers with high-risk pregnancies in the last few decades. However, this mode of delivery is currently employed as a way of escaping from labor pain (1).

All pregnant women are concerned about the delivery mode before pregnancy and even after beginning to feel the first signs of pregnancy. Decision-making regarding the delivery mode has always been accompanied by ambiguous beliefs and attitudes. Moreover, the decision-making process is related to sociocultural and political processes, including modernization, urbanization, and sociocultural development of human societies (2). In spite of great progress that has been made in the reduction of maternal mortality ratio during vaginal delivery, the rate of C-sections is increasing in developed and developing countries.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 35% of all deliveries are conducted through C-section worldwide (3). Furthermore, C-section rates are estimated at 50% and 48% in Asia and China (4), as well as Iran, respectively (5). However, according to the WHO, this rate should be dropped to 5-15% (6). In most cases, vaginal delivery is the safest and most common mode of delivery, and C-section is performed on women with high-risk pregnancies.

Therefore, vaginal delivery is preferred to C-section regarding the complications and dangers related to C-section in addition to the high rate of C-section mortality, which is eight times more than that of vaginal delivery (7). There are three factors affecting mothers' decision to choose C-section, including anxiety, fear, and pain. Up to now, there have been no studies to investigate the effects of psychological interventions, counseling, or relaxation on the reduction of labor fear (8).

Pregnant women can be assisted regarding decision-making process with training during pregnancy (9). According to the results of several studies, education during pregnancy encouraged women to choose vaginal delivery (10, 11). Lashkari et al. utilized training videos, lectures, and pamphlets to educate participants in the intervention group. According to the results, pregnant women obtained higher levels of intention to choose vaginal delivery, compared to those in the control group who received routine care (12). On the contrary, some studies suggested the ineffectiveness of training in the mothers' choice of delivery type (13, 14). It should be noted that there are different educational methods to raise women's awareness (15).

Accordingly, pregnant women require assistance and education in terms of making a decision to choose vaginal delivery. As noted above, there are various methods with different approaches and outcomes to educate individuals. Among these methods, peer education is one of the techniques that can be utilized in this regard. Educated participants can interact with each other and engage themselves in the process of decision-making using the strategies caregivers are not aware of. Moreover, they can communicate effectively, transfer the information to their peers, and act as available role models.

Peer education provides the participants with the opportunity to share their learning outcomes, feelings, attitudes, and values, as well as freely discussing the barriers to the implementation of made decisions. As a result, a problem-solving group, which is highly motivated, is created to successfully follow the program (16). Peer education focusing on the concept of role modeling is an important part of the learning process (17). A peer is a person who belongs to the same group, and the group members believe in his/her competencies. Furthermore, the peer can have strong motivational effects on the learning process (18).

The economic evaluation of peer education revealed that this strategy is much more cost-effective, compared to other educational methods (19). The beneficial effect of peer education was confirmed in studies conducted on HIV/AIDS (20), breast self-examination (21), sexual functioning (22), and primary dysmenorrhea (23). However, there is a dearth of research evaluating the effect of peer education approach on the intention to choose the mode of delivery.

With this background in mind, the present study aimed to compare the effects of peer education (i.e., community-based) and education by healthcare providers (i.e., hospital-centered) on the choice of delivery mode. Given that peer education is easy to use in healthcare centers and the utilization of hospital-centered educations with no focus on peer education in most studies, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of peer education on choosing the type of delivery. It is hoped that this method can have remarkable influences on the improvement of education and training in the field of healthcare.  

Materials and Methods

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 160 pregnant women with a gestational age of 34-36 weeks referring to healthcare centers in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (IR .MUMS.REC.1395.517). Written informed consents were obtained from the participants, and they were all assured of the confidentiality terms.

Moreover, the subjects were allowed to leave the research process in case of unwillingness to continue the study. Regarding the sampling, no similar studies were found to imitate the sample size. Therefore, the sample size was determined as 32 individuals using the formula for the comparison of the two proportions (24) with the significance level of 0.05 and test power of 95%.

With respect to the sample attrition of 20%, 38 women were assigned into each group. To obtain more accurate results related to sample-size calculations, the study population was estimated at 80 cases. In addition, the sample size was estimated based on a pilot study carried out on 10 subjects (P₁=30.0 and P₂=70.0).

The inclusion criteria were: 1) the Iranian nationality, 2) residency in Mashhad, 3) age range of 18-35 years, 4) gestational age of 34-36 weeks, 5) singleton pregnancy, 6) absence of clinical indications for C-section,7) low-risk pregnancy, 8) no history of disease and no current medical complications, 9) no fetal abnormalities,10) no drug abuse and addiction (i.e., drug, psychotropic and stimulant drugs, and alcohol), 11) no history of infertility, and 12) no speech and hearing impairment.

On the other hand, the pregnant women who were unwilling to continue the study, and those who left the training sessions, as well as the women with indications for C-section, were excluded from the study. The data were collected using an individual medical questionnaire containing 15 questions regarding personal and medical conditions of the participants. Furthermore, another questionnaire asked the intention of the women to choose the type of delivery with four options, namely "probably vaginal delivery", "probably C-section", "undoubtedly vaginal delivery", and "undoubtedly C-section".

In total, 10 faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, were asked to determine the content validity of the questionnaire. The content validity was confirmed after making the required revisions with a content validity ratio of 0.75 and content validity index of 0.87. In addition, the face validity of the questionnaire was approved by the faculty members. Furthermore, the test-retest reliability was confirmed at 92% correlation coefficient.

The peer educator required to have eight skills, including the ability to explain the purpose of the exercise, motivate the learners, employ video tutorials properly, perform body act, respond to learners questions, match body movements, have speech power, and receive feedback from the learners, which is scored based on a three-point Likert scale (i.e., weak=1, good=2, and excellent=3).

The tool utilized in this study was designed by the researcher based on the same pattern from the United Nations Population Fund publication. The validity and reliability of this tool have been investigated in various studies in Iran (25, 26). Initially, Health Center No. 1 was randomly selected from the registered health centers in Mashhad, Iran, using a two-stage cluster random sampling. Afterward, four health centers under the supervision of Health Center No. 1 with the same social context were chosen in this study. Subsequently, the participants were randomly assigned to groups using random tables.

Totally, 14 participants who did not belong to the intervention and control groups were selected to participate in a one-day peer educator training workshop. The researcher trained the educators in subjects, including the factors leading to labor fear, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of C-section and vaginal delivery, using lectures, programmed education, question and answer, group discussion, role play, and teaching aids. Finally, 10 subjects who obtained the highest score in terms of educational skills were chosen as peer educators.

Each peer educator selected a group of 8 pregnant women to provide them with educational programs (4 h and 5-25 min) through group discussion and role modeling. Peer educators provide training for educational topics, including labor fear, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of C-section and vaginal delivery. The control group included pregnant women who received routine care from the healthcare providers in the health centers. The two groups were subjected to pretests and posttests using researcher-made questionnaires with confirmed reliability and validity.

The participants were given the pretest a week before the intervention at the gestational age of 33-36 weeks and the post-test after the intervention. No sample attrition and complications were observed during the study. The normality of quantitative variables was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) through the independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The obtained results of the independent t-test showed homogeneity regarding the mean age of the intervention (25.4±6.1) and control groups (25.7±5.4) (P=0.72). Moreover, the results of the Chi-square test revealed that the majority of the participants in the intervention (n=72, 90%) and control groups (n=73, 91.2%) were housewives (P=0.95). In this study, 51 (63.8%) and 46 (57.4%) cases in the intervention and the control groups had self-employed husbands, respectively (P=0.52).

With regard to the amount of information about the type of delivery, 26 (32.5%) and 22 (27.5%) participants marked the option "to some degree" in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P=0.23). Moreover, the majority of the subjects in the intervention (n=28, 35%) and control groups (n=25, 31.3%) obtained information from midwives (P=0.26), and there was no significant difference between the two groups in this regard.

Furthermore, the results of the Fisher's exact test showed that the majority of the participants had a diploma in the intervention (n=37, 46.3%) and control groups (n=29, 36.3%). Therefore, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of educational level (P=0.42, Table 1).

The obtained results of the Chi-square test before the intervention revealed that 27 (33.7%) and 32 (40%) pregnant women in the intervention and control groups, respectively, intended to choose "probably vaginal delivery" option out of four options regarding the type of delivery (i.e., "probably vaginal delivery", "probably C-section", "undoubtedly vaginal delivery", and "undoubtedly C-section").

The difference was not significant between the two groups in the above-mentioned domain (P=0.73). However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups after the intervention. The majority of the subjects in the intervention group chose vaginal delivery (n=52, 65%), compared to those in the control group (n=17, 21.2%) (P<0.001, Table 2).