The Effect of Telemedicine-Based Massage Training to Spouses on the Resilience of Pregnant Women during the Coronavirus Pandemic

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Lecturer, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad medical sciences Islamic Azad university, Mashhad,Iran

2 Lecturer, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

3 MSc Student of Midwifery, Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background & aim: Pregnancy due to hormonal changes can cause psychological changes such as increased depression, stress, anxiety and decreased resilience, which could be more complicated during coronavirus pandemic. Massage may be beneficial for a number of mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of telemedicine-based massage training to spouses on the resilience of pregnant women during the coronavirus pandemic.
Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 120 pregnant women attending health care centers in Mashhad, Iran by available sampling method in 2021. Spouses of pregnant women in the intervention group received massage training by telemedicine. The intervention group performed the trained items for their pregnant wives three times a week for four weeks. The control group received only routine pregnancy care. Data collection tools included Conor and Davidson resilience questionnaires and DASS-21 questionnaires which were completed in person before, immediately after and 4 days following the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 24) and descriptive and analytical statistical methods.
Results: At the beginning of the study, resilience score did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.235). But immediately after and 4 days after the intervention, there were significant changes in resilience scores (P <0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that teaching telemedicine-based massage to spouses during the coronavirus pandemic can increase the resilience of pregnant women. Since resilience is one of the components of mental health, increasing the resilience of pregnant women improves their mental health.

Keywords

Full Text

Introduction

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause acute respiratory illnesses. The outbreak of the new virus began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread to most countries of the world, causing the COVID pandemic (1, 2). It caused public health concerns and some psychological disorders, including anxiety, fear, depression, avoidant behaviors, irritability, sleep disturbances, and post-traumatic stress disorder (1-4). Pregnant women are more likely to be infected by the COVID-19 disease; due to the physiological changes and decreased functioning of the immune system during pregnancy, pregnant women are completely susceptible to this disease (2, 7). Pregnancy is one of the most important and stressful events in a woman's life and is associated with significant physical and mental changes (8). Mental changes include increased psychosis, phobias, depression, stress, 

and anxiety, as well as decreased resilience (9-12). More attention is often paid to the physical and physiological dimensions of pregnancy than its mental and psychological dimensions (13). As mentioned, resilience decreases in coronavirus pandemics due to home quarantine conditions and special conditions for pregnant women. Resilience is the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences (14-16). Connor and colleagues define it as a way to measure a person's ability to deal with stressors and factors threatening a person's mental health (15, 16). Young-Wolff et al. (2019) stated that 44% of pregnant women have low resilience (17). Resilience means maintaining calm in stressful situations, having flexibility in the face of obstacles, avoiding erosive strategies, maintaining optimism and positive feelings in times of difficulty, and getting rid of internal obstacles (18). On the other hand, anxiety and stress can reduce resilience. Pregnant women's stress and anxiety about their baby's health and pregnancy-related issues are among the most common mental disorders during pregnancy, and they are even more common during coronavirus disease (2, 9). Sadeghi et al. (2014) concluded that 42.6% of pregnant women have high anxiety (19). According to Moghanibashi-Mansourieh et al.  (2020), the general Iranian population is 95% anxious during the coronavirus pandemic (20). Corbett et al. (2020) studied behavioral changes and anxiety in pregnant women during the coronavirus pandemic and reported that 83.3% of pregnant women had high anxiety (21). Therefore, since increasing anxiety during pregnancy has many side effects, such as gestational hypertension, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and fetal distress, it is necessary to reduce anxiety or increase resilience during this period. So far, several studies have been conducted to reduce stress and anxiety during pregnancy (12, 22). Bijari and colleagues (2015) showed in their study that resilience has a significant inverse relationship with anxiety, so resilience decreases with increasing anxiety (23). Massage through the hypothalamus affects the parasympathetic nerve and reduces factors such as heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, respiration rate, and oxygen consumption, as well as promoting relaxation and pain relief, which results in reduced anxiety. Massage during pregnancy is one of the most important non-pharmacological interventions used to reduce anxiety and stress. In this regard, several studies have shown the effect of massage on reducing anxiety and stress during this period (22, 24, 25). The husbands of pregnant women can best do massage. Therefore, one of the useful solutions is to teach massage to the spouses of pregnant women. Family-centered education is more effective than self-education (26). Men's participation in prenatal care reduces anxiety and increases acceptance of prenatal care (27-29). Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of educating spouses as partners (30). Alhusen et al. (2012) showed that a spouse's support during pregnancy makes this period enjoyable, increases maternal and fetal relationships, and increases the mental health of pregnant women (31). Somers-Smith (1999) showed in their study that men's support for pregnant women during pregnancy reduces anxiety (32). Massage education for spouses can be done in two ways: face-to-face education or distance education (8). Distance education or telemedicine is a very flexible method that can be changed according to the client's conditions, facilities and equipment can be changed according to the required program. Also, distance education reduces costs and gives people quicker access to high-quality services (33-36).

Due to the lack of a similar study in this regard, the present study was performed to determine the effect of telemedicine-based massage training for spouses on the resilience of pregnant women during the coronavirus pandemic.

Materials and Methods

This clinical trial was registered under the code of IRCT20170607034378N2 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. The study was performed in 2021 on 120 pregnant women (60 in the intervention group and 60 in the control group) who met the inclusion criteria.  To calculate the sample size, the sample size formula was used to compare two independent sample. The information required for this formula was identified using a pilot study. Based on the formula used, the sample size was 

calculated at 59 sample, and finally, 60 sample were considered for each group.

Inclusion criteria consisted of being Iranian and resident of Mashhad, being literate, having access to internet and WhatsApp software, having gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks based on the first day of the last menstrual period or first-trimester ultrasound and singleton pregnancy, experiencing no stressful accidents in the last six months, having no obstetric problems during pregnancy, no medical condition, no history of infertility and using assisted reproduction methods, no history of mental illnesses and having depression, anxiety, and stress scores based on DASS 21 questionnaire less than 10, 14, 17, respectively; also having no smoking (hookah, cigarettes, snuff, drugs) or use of alcohol and psychotropic drugs. absence of skin complication such as skin wound burns or bone complications such as fracture of neck, back or leg.

Exclusion criteria included withdrawal from continuing research and not performing massage exercises for two consecutive periods. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and a written introduction letter was submitted to the health deputy of the province and obtained permission and presented to the head of health centers for sampling. Finally, two health centers in Mashhad were selected by lottery. Then, to prevent the dissemination of data, the lottery was again conducted, and one center was considered as the intervention group and another as the control group. After obtaining permission from the head of the unit, the pregnant women with the gestational age of 28 to 34 weeks were listed, and their contact number was obtained from the head of the unit. Sampling at first was done by convenience methods and then assigning the sample to the intervention and control groups. The researcher formed two virtual groups in WhatsApp software (one for the control group and another for the intervention group). Then, the pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria, after being explained the objectives of the study and the method of conducting the research and signing a written consent to participate in the study, were randomly added to WhatsApp groups. Then the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and the DASS-21 Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Questionnaire were completed online by the participants in both groups. The average time to complete the questionnaires was about 25 minutes. The presence of spouses in training sessions was mandatory.

Training sessions were provided in the form of video calls through the software environment for the participants. The content of the sessions was: stating the objectives of the research, discussing psychological changes during pregnancy and the need for a spouse's support during pregnancy, expressing the researcher's expectations from individuals (including cooperation until the end of the research and not informing friends, acquaintances, and other people in cyberspace groups about participating in the research until the end of the study), environmental preparation training before massage, preparation of necessary equipment, massage technique, and questions and answers at the end of the sessions. In the intervention group, massage was taught by the EFFLEURAGE method from the image to the spouses of pregnant women. Participants in the study should perform a back massage (after establishing a calm environment and the correct position of the pregnant woman) for 10 minutes and each limb for 5 minutes (30 minutes in total) (37). The massage technique was performed three times a week (every other day) for up to four weeks (a total of 12 times) at night before going to bed. After 2 weeks from the beginning of the research, the researcher made a telephone call with the participants of the intervention group to follow up on the subjects. Participants in both groups completed the Connor and Davidson Resilience Questionnaire and the DASS-21 anxiety-stress-depression questionnaire immediately after the end of the last massage session and four days (38) after the 

end of the last massage session. The control group received only routine pregnancy care. After two weeks from the beginning of the research, the researcher made a telephone call with the participants of the control group to follow up them. Also, to observe the ethical issues, an educational video of massage during pregnancy was given to the control group at the end of the research. The study diagram is shown in Figure 1.

The tools used in this study were the Resilience Questionnaire and the DASS-21 Stress-Anxiety-Depression Questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed in the presence of the researcher and by the participants in the research.

The Resilience Questionnaire consists of 25 items, which are scored on a Likert scale from zero (completely incorrect) to five (completely correct). The questionnaire scores ranged from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate more resilience. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by Mohammadi (2005) (39).

Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire in Mohammadi's study (2005) (39). In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was confirmed by the internal consistency method with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85.

In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was confirmed by the internal consistency method with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85. The DASS-21 Stress-Anxiety-Depression Questionnaire consists of 21 questions. Questions 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, and 21 are related to the depression subscale; questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, and 20 to the anxiety subscale; and questions 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 18 to the stress subscale. The questions are answered in 4 options. The range of responses varies from "never = 0" to "always = 3." Scores 6-8, 4-5, and 5-6 are mild depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively, and scores greater than 10, 14, and 17 are very severe depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by Mollahadi and colleagues (2010) (40). Jalal Marvi et al. (2018) confirmed the reliability of this questionnaire with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 (8). In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was confirmed by the internal consistency method with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89.

Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) and independent t-test, Chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney test.

Results

A total of 120 pregnant women (60 in each group) were included in the study, but data analysis was performed on 115 (57 in the intervention group and 58 in the control group). The results showed that all demographic characteristics of the intervention and control groups were homogeneous at the beginning of the study, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (Table 1).

Independent t-test showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of resilience, stress, anxiety, and depression scores before the intervention, but immediately after the intervention and 4 days after the intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. Friedman's intragroup test showed that intragroup changes in resilience, stress, anxiety and depression scores were significant in both groups, but intragroup changes in depression scores in the intervention group were not statistically significant (Table 2).

Discussion

According to the results of the present study, there were significant differences between the control and intervention groups after the intervention, and resilience scores increased in the intervention group. Also, in the intervention group, the mean scores of stress and anxiety immediately after the intervention and 4 days after the intervention had a significant decrease compared to before the intervention, but the depression scores did not change significantly between the two groups. In this regard, the results of Adib-Hajbaghery et al. (2012) showed that full-body massage therapy, both by the nurse and by the patient, reduces the obvious anxiety of patients admitted to the CCU. In other words, they reported that full-body massage therapy, regardless of who does it, can be effective in reducing anxiety (41). Also, the results of the study by Kamarzarrin et al. (2012) showed that yoga exercises have a significant effect on increasing resilience and promoting women's general health. They also stated that yoga, by promoting resilience in women, increases problem-solving skills and social competence, and helps women have a clearer 

view of the future (41). Pourasghar et al. (2017) reported in their study that therapeutic hypnosis significantly increases resilience (42). Mirzaee et al. (2010) also indicated that reflexology reduces the level of anxiety during childbirth (43). Massage reduces pain and anxiety, according to Akköz evik et al. (2020) (38). The results of Bazrafshan et al.'s (2010) study showed that massage is an effective nursing intervention to reduce the level of anxiety in nulliparous pregnant women (22). Massage of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy was also investigated by Robison et al. (2017) (44) and massage of the back in leukemia patients was investigated by Miladinia et al. (2011) (45). n addition, the results of a study by Castro-Sánchez and colleagues (2011) performed on patients with fibromyalgia showed a significant difference in sleep quality between the two groups after massage (46). Ejindu (2007) reported that facial and foot massage induces sleep and thus improves sleep quality in healthy individuals (47). Ejindu (2007) reported that facial and foot massage induces sleep and thus improves sleep quality in healthy individuals (47). Also, Tsay et al. (2003), in a study performed on patients with chronic renal failure, reported that massage therapy improved sleep quality and also improved patients' quality of life (48). Field et al. (2007) showed that sleep disorders were significantly reduced in the intervention group at the end of the study (49). Also, in another study, Jane et al. (2011) reported that massage therapy reduces pain, improves sleep quality, and improves mood and relaxation in patients with metastatic bone pain (50). Moreover, Braun et al. (2012) showed that massage therapy reduces pain, anxiety, and muscle spasms and increases the feeling of relaxation and satisfaction in patients undergoing heart surgery (51).

Contrary to the results of the present study, Nerbass et al. (2010) showed that the quality of sleep in the massage therapy group was much better than the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant (52). In addition, the results of a meta-analysis by Pan and colleagues showed that breast cancer patients who regularly used massage had significantly fewer symptoms of anger and fatigue; however, no significant differences were observed in the massage therapy group in terms of depression, anxiety, pain, lymphedema of the upper extremities, cortisol level and quality of life (43). Krohn et al. (2009) performed a study on patients with breast cancer and reported that the level of stress and mood did not show a significant difference after massage therapy (54). Also, Albert and colleagues reported no significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain after massage therapy in patients undergoing heart surgery (55). Moreover, Valiani et al. (2018) showed that foot reflexology massage in the third and fourth stages of labor had no significant effect on labor pain (56). This discrepancy in the studies can be attributed to the type of massage method used, the nature of the pain, and the study population. In this regard, the results of the study by Rapaport et al. (2018) showed that massage therapy is effective for mental health and improves mental health disorders (57). Since resilience can guarantee and promote mental health, the results are justifiable (58-60). The effect of massage has also been confirmed in various studies (61-62).

According to the results of other studies and the present study, massage therapy can be recommended as an effective measure to promote health. In addition, pregnant mothers who need more emotional support may lose this support due to limitations imposed by the COVID-19 virus and reduced contact with their relatives. Thus, interventions without endangering the health of the mother and fetus and without the need for frequent visits by pregnant women and their families to medical centers can increase the resilience of pregnant women. As a result, the mental health of pregnant women, who are an important part of society, is improved. As stated in all studies, most intervention methods, including training and reflexology, can improve the physical and mental health of participants.

One of the strengths of the present study was the participation of spouses in the interventions. Also, important variables related to the mental health of pregnant women, especially in the current situation in Iran and the world, were not examined. However, the lack of similar studies makes it difficult to generalize the results. For this purpose, it is recommended that more studies be performed on people of different cultures and different gestational ages, as well as in the postpartum period.

Conclusion

The results of the present study showed that telemedicine-based massage training for spouses during the coronavirus pandemic can increase resilience and reduce anxiety and stress in pregnant women. Since resilience, anxiety, and stress are components of mental health, increasing resilience and reducing anxiety and stress in pregnant women lead to improvement and promotion of the mental health of pregnant women.

Acknowledgements

The present study is the result of a research project approved by the Vice Chancellor for Research, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, with an ethics code of IR.IAU.MSHD.REC.1399.159. The authors express their gratitude to the Vice Chancellor for Research of the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and all participants in the study.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Hua J, Shaw R. Corona Virus (COVID-19) Infodemic and Emerging Issues through a Data Lens: The Case of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7): 1-12.
  2. Di Mascio D, Khalil A, Saccone G, Rizzo G, Buca D, Liberati M, et al. Outcome of Coronavirus spectrum infections (SARS, MERS, COVID 1-19) during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM. 2020: 2(2): 100107.
  3. Alipour A, Ghadami A, Alipour A, Abdollahzadeh H. Preliminary validation of the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology. 2020; 8(32): 163-175.
  4. Zhang Y, Ma ZF. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7): 2381.
  5. Zhang W-r, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao W-f, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2020: 89(4): 1-9.
  6. Farnoosh G, Alishiri G, Hosseini Zijoud S, Dorostkar R, Jalali Farahani A. Understanding the 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on available evidence-a narrative review. Journal of Military Medicine. 2020; 22(1): 1-11. [Persian]
  7. Liang H, Acharya G. Novel corona virus disease (COVID‐19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2020; 99(4): 439-442.
  8. Jalal Marvi F, Kordi M, Rezaei Talab F, Mazlom S. Comparing the Effects of Training Based on Continuous Care Model and Telehealth on Quality of Sleep in Pregnant Women. Evidence Based Care. 2019; 8(4): 35-44.
  9. Sweet A, May S. Text book for midspouses. london. WB saunders. 1997.
  10. Mosalanejad L, Kheshti A, Gholami A. The Assessing mental Health in pregnancy and relative psychopathologic factors in Jahrom. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. 2007; 5(3): 23-2
  11. World Health Organization Report. Maternal mental health and child health and development in low and middle income countries. Geneva: WHO; 2008. 39
  12. Dunkel Schetter C. Psychological science on pregnancy: stress processes, biopsychosocial models, and emerging research issues. Annual Review of Psychology. 2011; 62: 531-5
  13. Lowdermilk DL, Perry SE, Cashion MC, Alden KR, Olshansky E. Maternity and Women's Health Care E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences. 2019.
  14. Garmezy N. Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist. 1991; 34(4): 416-430.
  15. Connor KM, Zhang W. Resilience: Determinants, measurement, and treatment responsiveness. CNS Spectrums. 2006; 11(S12): 5-12.
  16. Clauss-Ehlers CS. Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2008; 29(3): 197-212.
  17. Young-Wolff KC, Alabaster A, McCaw B, Stoller N, Watson C, Sterling S, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and mental and behavioral health conditions during pregnancy: the role of resilience. Journal of Women's Health. 2019; 28(4): 452-461.
  18. Bogar CB, Hulse‐Killacky D. Resiliency determinants and resiliency processes among female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling & Development. 2006; 84(3): 318-327.
  19. Sadeghi N, Azizi S, Molaeinezhad M. Anxiety status in pregnant mothers at third trimester of pregnancy and its related factors in referrals to Bandar Abbas Hospitals in 2012. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2014; 17(122): 8-15. [Persian]
  20. Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A. Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian journal of psychiatry. 2020; 51:
  21. Corbett GA, Milne SJ, Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O’connell MP. Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2020; 249: 96-97.
  22. Bazrafshan MR, Ghorbani Z. The effect of slow stroke back massages on anxiety among primigravid women. Journal of Hayat. 2010; 16(1): 34-40.
  23. Bijari A, Peivastegar M, Sadr M. The relationship between resiliency with five dimensions of personality and clinical disorders (depression, anxiety and somatization) in female undergraduate students of Alzahra University. Psychological Studies Faculty of Education and Psychology. 2015; 11(3): 53-78.
  24. Toth M, Kahn J, Walton T, Hrbek A, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Therapeutic massage intervention for hospitalized patients with cancer: a pilot study. Alternative & Complementary Therapies. 2003; 9(3): 117-124.
  25. Mok E, Woo CP. The effects of slow-stroke back massage on anxiety and shoulder pain in elderly stroke patients. Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery. 2004; 10(4): 209-216.
  26. Hosseini Gharateka SM, Emami Moghandam Z, Golmakani N, Behnam Vashshani HR. Effect of Spouses’ Educational Program on Quality of Life of their Pregnant Spouses. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2017; 27(155): 170-17 [Persian]
  27. Martin LT, McNamara MJ, Milot AS, Halle T, Hair EC. The effects of father involvement during pregnancy on receipt of prenatal care and maternal smoking. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2007; 11(6): 595-602.
  28. Ghosh JKC, Wilhelm MH, Dunkel-Schetter C, Lombardi CA, Ritz BR. Paternal support and preterm birth, and the moderation of effects of chronic stress: a study in Los Angeles County mothers. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2010; 13(4): 327-338.
  29. Carter MW, Speizer I. Salvadoran fathers' attendance at prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum care. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2005; 18: 149-156.
  30. Simbar M, Nahidi F, Tehran FR, Ramezankhani A. Fathers’educational needs about perinatal care: A qualitative approach. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2010; 42(5): 633-641.
  31. Alhusen JL, Gross D, Hayat MJ, Rose L, Sharps P. The role of mental health on maternal‐fetal attachment in low‐income women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2012; 41(6): E71-E81.
  32. Somers-Smith MJ. A place for the partner? Expectations and experiences of support during childbirth. Midwifery. 1999; 15(2): 101-108.
  33. Fong B, Fong ACM, Li CK. Telemedicine technologies: information technologies in medicine and telehealth. 2010.
  34. Holmqvist M, Vincent N, Walsh K. Web- vs. telehealth-based delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep Medicine. 2014; 15(2): 187-1
  35. Maserat E, Samadi N, Mehrnush N, Mohamadi R, Zali M-R. Tele Nursing: optimal option for patient educational improvement. Journal of Health and Care. 2011; 13(3): 47-52.
  36. Soltanzadeh L, Reabiee M, Taheri A. Continuous telemetric ECG monitoring. The Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty. 2013; 11(7): 564-56
  37. Abbasi Z, Abedian Z, Fadayi A, Esmaeil H. Effect of massage on physiologic responses on primiparous women. Quarterly of Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2007; 13(1): 28-33. Available at: https:// fa.irct.ir/trial/37043
  38. Mohammadi M. The reliably and validity of connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) in Iran: Thesis in Persian. Tehran:University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences;
  39. Mollahadi M, Tayyebi A, Ebadi A, Daneshmandi M. Comparison between anxiety, depression and stress in hemodialysis and kidney transplantation patients. Journal of Critical Care Nursing. 2010; 2(4): 1-10.
  40. Adib-Hajbaghery M, Rajabi-Beheshtabad R, Abasi A, Azizi-Fini E. The Effect of Massage Therapy by a Nurse and the Patient’s Companion on the Anxiety of Male Patients Hospitalized in CCU: A Clinical Trial. Iranian Journal of Neonatology. 2012; 25 (78) :72-83.
  41. Kamarzarrin H, Shooshtari M, Badripor M, Khosravani F. Effect of yoga on the Components of Resiliency and Psychological well-being of women in Isfahan. Health Psychology. 2012; 1(3): 1-10.
  42. pourasghar M, fathi F, janbabai G. The effect of hypnotherapy on resilience in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Quarterly Journal Of Health Psychology. 2017; 6(23): 168-182.
  43. Mirzaee F, Kaviani M, Jafari P. Effect of Reflexology on Anxiety Level in Nuliparous Women. Hayat. 2010; 16(1): 65-71.
  44. Robison JG, Smith CL. Therapeutic Massage during Chemotherapy and/or Biotherapy Infusions: Patient Perceptions of Pain, Fatigue, Nausea, Anxiety, and Satisfaction. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2016; 20(2): E34-E
  45. Miladinia M, Baraz S, Shariati A, Malehi AS. Effects of Slow-Stroke Back Massage on Symptom Cluster in Adult Patients With Acute Leukemia: Supportive Care in Cancer Nursing.Cancer Nurs. 2017; 40(1): 31-3
  46. Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Granero-Molina J, Aguilera-Manrique G, Quesada-Rubio JM, Moreno-Lorenzo C. Benefits of massage-myofascial release therapy on pain, anxiety, quality of sleep, depression, and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011; 2011:
  47. Ejindu A. The effects of foot and facial massage on sleep induction, blood pressure, pulse and respiratory rate: crossover pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2007; 13(4): 266-2
  48. Tsay SL, Rong JR, Lin PF. Acupoints massage in improving the quality of sleep and quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003; 42(2): 134-1
  49. Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Fraser M. Lower back pain and sleep disturbance are reduced following massage therapy. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2007; 11(2): 141-145.
  50. Jane SW, Chen SL, Wilkie DJ, Lin YC, Foreman SW, Beaton RD, Fan JY, Lu MY, Wang YY, Lin YH, Liao MN. Effects of massage on pain, mood status, relaxation, and sleep in Taiwanese patients with metastatic bone pain: a randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2011; 152(10): 2432-2442.
  51. Braun LA, Stanguts C, Casanelia L, Spitzer O, Paul E, Vardaxis NJ, Rosenfeldt F. Massage therapy for cardiac surgery patients--a randomized trial. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2012; 144(6): 1453-
  52. Nerbass FB, Feltrim MI, Souza SA, Ykeda DS, Lorenzi-Filho G. Effects of massage therapy on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010; 65(11): 1105-1110.
  53. Pan YQ, Yang KH, Wang YL, Zhang LP, Liang HQ. Massage interventions and treatment-related side effects of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014; 19(5): 829-8
  54. Krohn M, Listing M, Tjahjono G, Reisshauer A, Peters E, Klapp BF. Depression, mood, stress, and Th1/Th2 immune balance in primary breast cancer patients undergoing classical massage therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2011; 19(9): 1303-13
  55. Albert NM, Gillinov AM, Lytle BW, Feng J, Cwynar R, Blackstone EH. A randomized trial of massage therapy after heart surgery. Heart Lung. 2009; 38(6): 480-490.
  56. Valiani M, Shiran E, Kianpour M, Hasanpour M. Reviewing the effect of reflexology on the pain and certain features and outcomes of the labor on the primiparous women. Iranian Journal Nursing Midwifery Res. 2010; 15(Suppl 1): 302-3
  57. Rapaport MH, Schettler PJ, Larson ER, et al. Massage Therapy for Psychiatric Disorders. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2018; 16(1): 24-31. Golmakani N, Shaghaghi F, Ahmadi Z, Gholami M, Kamali Z, Mohebbi-Dehnavi Z. Investigating the relationship between the dimensions of mindfulness and maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021; 10: 433.
  58. Noroozi M, Gholami M, Mohebbi-Dehnavi Z. The relationship between hope and resilience with promoting maternal attachment to the fetus during pregnancy. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2020; 9: 54.
  59. Saeidi, R., Ziadi Lotf Abadi, M., Saeidi, A., Gholami Robatsangi, M. The Effectiveness of Mother Infant Interaction on infantile colic. Iranian Journal of Neonatology. 2014; 4(4): 34-38. 
  60. Partovi S, Kianifar H R, Gholami Robatsangi M, Ghorbani Z, Saeidi R. Evaluation of massage with oil containing medium chain triglyceride on weight gaining in preterm. 2009; 11 (1): 1-6.
  61. Hashemzahi M, Khayat S, Khazaeian S. Effect of COVID-19 Self-care Training via Telemedicine on Perceived Stress and Corona Disease Anxiety in Pregnant Women: A Quasi-experimental Study. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health. 2022; 10(1): 3066-3074.
Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health
Volume 11, Issue 2
April 2023
Pages 3672-3681

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics