Document Type : Original Research Article
Authors
1
MSc Student in Midwifery Education, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
2
Instructor, Midwifery Department, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Clinical Care Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
3
Felowship of measuerment in Medicine (MiM), Head of Department at Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4
midwifery, nursing and midwifery faculty of Sanandaj, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Abstract
Background and Aim: Recognizing abuse during childbirth as a fundamental breach of human rights, identifying such occurrences remains difficult without standardized measurement tools. Consequently, the present research sought to translate the Obstetric Violence Assessment Scale into Persian and examine its psychometric attributes among women in Iran during the postpartum period.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 630 qualified participants selected via convenience sampling from Be'sat Hospital in Sanandaj. Upon receiving authorization from the tool's developers, the translation process followed the methodology proposed by Wild et al. We examined various validity metrics, including face, content, construct (via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses [EFA and CFA]), and convergent validities. To confirm reliability, we calculated McDonald's omega, Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients. Statistical analyses were performed utilizing SmartPLS 4.1.1.8 and SPSS 27, establishing significance at a p-value below 0.05.
Results: The entire item pool was maintained, supported by adequate item impact scores (≥1.5), content validity ratios (CVR ≥0.62), and item-level content validity indices (I-CVI ≥0.78). The average CVI reached 0.99, while the S-CVI/UA was 0.90. EFA revealed an underlying structure consisting of two distinct factors (emotional and physical), which was subsequently verified by CFA, exhibiting an optimal model fit (χ2/df = 1.218, GFI = 0.962, NFI=0.975, TLI=0.994, RMSEA=0.033, CFI=0.995). Average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR) values for the emotional component were 0.680 and 0.904, whereas for the physical component, they were 0.756 and 0.941. Both the HTMT ratio (0.093) and the Fornell-Larcker criterion (√AVE of 0.825 and 0.870 for emotional and physical factors, respectively; |r| = -0.100) confirmed discriminant validity. Additionally, an r-value of 0.635 corroborated convergent validity. Internal consistency was strong, demonstrating Cronbach's alpha values of 0.847 (emotional) and 0.888 (physical), alongside McDonald's omega coefficients of 0.870 and 0.902, respectively. Temporal stability was highly satisfactory, yielding ICC values of 0.975 and 0.967 for the respective subscales, and 0.979 for the complete scale.
Conclusion: The translated Persian iteration of the Obstetric Violence Assessment Scale possesses robust psychometric properties, proving to be a highly valid, reliable, and stable tool for evaluating childbirth-related abuse among Iranian women following vaginal deliveries.
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